Executive Summary 

Israel launched on 13 June 2025 an unprecedented wave of strikes, dubbed Operation Rising Lion, against Iran’s nuclear facilities and military leaders; prior to facilitating the attack, Mossad operatives were on the ground inside Iran. The covert action daring of the Israeli intelligence service captured in media headlines exemplify a long tradition of such actions, which are often characterized by audaciousness and efficacy and include targeted assassinations of political leaders and military officers in austere environments, lethal and disruptive supply chain operations, sensitive site exploitation inside classified facilities, and more. Grey Dynamics’ overview of recent Mossad covert action in Iran seeks to explain and analyse the granular details of disclosed operations in this very latest success and to frame them within the context of the agency’s broader, longstanding lethal covert action program.