Iranian cyber warfare has become increasingly active and sophisticated in its hacking attempts targeting the US and Israel. Iranian officials have been charged and sanctioned over their involvement in hacking attempts. Israel and Iran have also been engaged in a shadowy cyber war with both sides committing cyber attacks against one another. With an increase in Iranian sophistication in the cyber realm, these attacks are likely to increase in the next 12 months.

 Key Judgement 1. It is highly likely that Iran will expand the use and development of AI in order to reinforce geopolitical aims and attain strategic objectives in the next 12 months.

Key Judgement 2. It is highly likely that Iranian cyber warfare targeting Israel and retaliatory Israeli cyber attacks will increase in response to the Israel-Gaza war.

Key Judgement 3. It is highly likely that Iranian cyber warfare targeting US infrastructure and government departments will increase in the next 12 months