Executive Summary

An unprecedented level of foreign covert influence operations by Russia, China, and Iran marked the months leading up to the U.S. election. Russia is employing American individuals and platforms as “useful idiots” to propagate its narratives. Historical tactics are evident as Russian military intelligence (GRU) funds figures like John Mark Dougan to create deep-fakes targeting election candidate Kamala Harris. Additionally, Russian state media channels have funded American influencers to disseminate content supporting candidate Donald Trump. 

In contrast, Iranian operations are focused on undermining Trump’s prospects to benefit Harris. Iran has conducted hack-and-leak operations targeting Trump associates. They also employed groups like Cotton Sandstorm to prepare cyber-influence campaigns in swing states. Iranian operatives have further incited protests against Trump, exploiting social issues to weaken his support base. 

Meanwhile, Chinese operations have focused on influencing down-ballot races by promoting candidates favourable to their interests. They also spread divisive narratives on social media to further their strategic objectives. This strategy seeks to shape legislative outcomes that could impact U.S.-China relations. 

These foreign influence operations threaten the integrity of the U.S. electoral process. There is an urgent need for effective countermeasures and increased public awareness to protect democratic institutions.

Images sourced from – EPA, Kremlin.ru, Asharq Al-Awsat, Trump White House Archive Flickr