Executive Summary 

In 2024, a strikingly high number of intelligence officers operating under diplomatic cover found themselves declared persona non grata (PNG) and swiftly expelled from host countries. Russian intelligence officers bore the brunt of this wave—driven by heightened geopolitical tensions, particularly in Europe. Expulsions of Indian, Chinese, Iranian, and Western intelligence personnel also surfaced throughout the year and across the globe. While 2024 stood out, the trend seems to have begun as early as 2022, includes non-official cover operatives–such as Russian illegals–and has continued into 2025. It is difficult to assess whether the uptick represents an increase in espionage activity or improvements in, or a greater focus on, counterintelligence programs. 

Images Sourced From: OSCE, TASS, NVO