Executive Summary

Mass graves were found on the premises of hospitals in Gaza after the Israeli Defense Force (IDF) sieges of the al-Shifa and Nasser medical complexes in 2024. Our analysis finds that the mass burials were likely formed during or immediately after said periods of military control. The majority of mass graves uncovered in 2025 likely were the initiative of civilians trying to manage health issues that accompany a persistent high volume of human deaths in an urban setting. Some were located with the help of Israeli military intelligence following hostage exchanges and cease fire deals. All this said, some of the graves exhibited atypical burial circumstances consistent with attempts to conceal unlawful action.

*See Grey Dynamics’ earlier assessment of structural degradation in the Gaza Strip using publicly available imagery.