Executive Summary

Right-wing extremism is on the rise in Western nations, fuelled by a lack of trust in the political class, economic insecurity, and social tensions. These factors, when combined with online radicalisation and the rampant spread of misinformation, have facilitated the spread of extremist ideologies. Far-right movements are becoming more aligned in their ideology around the world, and the mainstreaming of populist rhetoric is rapidly normalising their positions in broader political discourse. If history is any indicator, as these ideologies gain traction, they have the potential to become significant threats to security and democratic governance.