U.S. Naval Special Warfare Command: Navy SEALs and SWCC

The U.S. Naval Special Warfare Command (NSWC) serves as the foundation of the Navy’s elite special operations forces, overseeing the training, readiness, and deployment of the Navy SEALs and Special Warfare Combatant-Craft Crewmen (SWCC). Established in 1987, the NSWC was created to unify and expand the Navy’s growing special warfare capabilities, ensuring operational excellence and seamless integration within the broader U.S. Special Operations Command (USSOCOM). As a cornerstone of the nation’s special operations efforts, the NSWC plays a critical role in advancing U.S. national security objectives, with a specialised focus on maritime and coastal operations.

Rooted in a legacy that dates back to World War II with the formation of Underwater Demolition Teams (UDTs), the NSWC has evolved into a sophisticated and indispensable force capable of executing a wide range of missions. These include amphibious warfare, reconnaissance, direct-action raids, counterterrorism, and unconventional warfare. Its operators, the Navy SEALs and SWCC are trained to excel in the most high-risk and dynamic environments, making them uniquely equipped to address the complex challenges of modern warfare. Beyond combat, their expertise extends to humanitarian assistance, disaster relief, and training allied forces, further solidifying their role as versatile assets to the U.S. military.

SEALs and SWCC operators embody a culture of discipline, resilience, and teamwork. Their training programs, among the most gruelling in the military, forge individuals capable of excelling under extreme physical and mental pressure. While their history is marked by extraordinary successes, such as the raid on Osama bin Laden’s compound in 2011, these forces have also faced challenges, including cultural and ethical scrutiny.

This comprehensive overview explores the history, structure, missions, and ongoing legacy of the NSWC, highlighting the enduring impact of these “Quiet Professionals” on modern warfare and global security.

Images Sourced From: Petty Officer 2nd Class Charles Propert

1 NSWC: Motto, Symbols, and History 

1.1 Motto and Ethos

1.1.1 SEAL Ethos

“The Only Easy Day Was Yesterday”

The SEAL Ethos outlines the principles guiding Navy SEALs, emphasising their readiness to serve during times of war and uncertainty. It portrays SEALs as individuals with an uncommon desire to succeed, forged by adversity. The Trident symbol, awarded to SEALs, represents honour and heritage, signifying trust and responsibility. This ethos stresses loyalty to the country and team, highlighting the expectation of serving without seeking recognition. Integrity and emotional control are central values, with a commitment to lead by example and never quit, even in the face of adversity. The ethos underscores a continuous pursuit of discipline and innovation, essential for mission success and maintaining the SEALs’ feared reputation. [source]

1.1.2 SWCC Creed

“On Time, On Target, Never Quit”

The SWCC Creed reflects the values of the Special Warfare Combatant-Craft Crewmen, who operate in maritime environments to defend freedom. It describes SWCC operators as quiet professionals, dedicated to excellence in their field. The creed emphasises maintaining combat readiness and leading by example, with a strong sense of accountability to their teammates. Drawing from the legacy of World War II PT boat sailors and Vietnam combatant craft operators, the SWCC Creed highlights the importance of heritage and the sacrifices made by past warriors. This connection to history serves as a guiding force for current SWCC operators, who are expected to uphold these standards in their service. [source]

Both the SEAL Ethos and SWCC Creed provide a framework for conduct, emphasising accountability, resilience, and a connection to military heritage. However, they also reflect the challenges inherent in balancing the demands of their roles with the ethical expectations placed upon them.

1.2 Symbols

1.2.1 U.S. Naval Special Warfare Command Symbol

The symbol of the U.S. Naval Special Warfare Command (NSWC) is a composite of elements that reflect its capabilities and heritage. The eagle represents the United States, symbolising strength and vigilance, while the anchor signifies the Navy’s maritime tradition and the command’s roots in naval operations. The trident, a traditional emblem of sea power associated with Neptune, underscores the command’s mastery of underwater and maritime operations. Additionally, the pistol highlights the command’s proficiency in direct action and combat missions, emphasising readiness and precision. Together, these elements encapsulate the NSWC’s role in conducting special operations across maritime, coastal, and riverine environments, showcasing their adaptability and commitment to mission success.

1.2.2 SEAL Trident Insignia

EMBED: “My Trident is a symbol of honour and heritage. Bestowed upon me by the heroes that have gone before, it embodies the trust of those I have sworn to protect.”

The Seal Trident was created on 16 October 1970. The symbol consists of an eagle simultaneously grasping a Navy anchor, trident, and flintlock-style pistol. [source]

1.2.3 SWCC Warfare Insignia

The SWCC Warfare Insignia consists of the Enlisted Cutlass and Flintlock Pistol set behind the Mark V Special Operations Craft (MK-V SOC) and waves, and symbolises the seaborne combat readiness of SWCC personnel. [source]

1.3 NSWC: History

1.3.1 World War II Origins

The origins of the U.S. Navy SEALs can be traced back to World War II, with the formation of specialised maritime commando units designed to support amphibious operations. These precursor units included the Scouts and Raiders, Naval Combat Demolition Units (NCDUs), and Underwater Demolition Teams (UDTs). Established in 1942, the Scouts and Raiders were a joint Army-Navy unit trained for amphibious reconnaissance and raiding missions, first seeing action during Operation Torch in North Africa (8-16 November 1942). The NCDUs, formed in 1943, were tasked with clearing beach obstacles ahead of major landings, playing a pivotal role during the D-Day invasion at Normandy. Despite facing heavy casualties, their efforts were crucial in creating gaps in German defences.

Meanwhile, the UDTs were developed in response to the challenges faced during the Pacific campaigns, such as the landing at Tarawa. These teams specialised in underwater demolition and reconnaissance, conducting operations across the Pacific, including in Saipan, Guam, and Iwo Jima. The UDTs became known as “Naked Warriors” due to their minimal gear, which included swim trunks, masks, and fins. Their contributions laid the groundwork for modern naval special operations, emphasising the importance of reconnaissance and demolition in amphibious warfare. Despite the rapid demobilisation after the war, the expertise and tactics developed by these units would influence future special operations forces, including the eventual formation of the SEALs.

1.3.2 Vietnam War Era

The Vietnam War marked a significant evolution for naval special warfare, transitioning from UDTs to the formation of SEAL Teams. In 1962, responding to President John F. Kennedy’s call for unconventional warfare capabilities, the U.S. Navy established SEAL Teams 1 and 2. Their mission was to conduct counter-guerrilla warfare and clandestine operations in riverine and maritime environments. SEALs quickly became involved in Vietnam, initially advising and training South Vietnamese forces. Over time, they engaged in direct-action missions, including ambushes and raids.

Operating in the challenging environments of the Mekong Delta and the Rung Sat Special Zone, SEALs utilised their skills in guerrilla warfare to disrupt enemy supply lines and gather intelligence. Their effectiveness earned them the nickname “the men with the green faces” from the Viet Cong. Throughout the war, SEALs conducted numerous operations, often working in small units and relying on stealth and surprise. By the war’s end, SEALs had developed a reputation for their adaptability and effectiveness in unconventional warfare. The conflict also highlighted the need for specialised training and equipment, leading to advancements in tactics and technology that would shape future operations. Despite the challenges and controversies of the Vietnam War, the experience solidified the role of SEALs in U.S. military operations, expanding their capabilities and influence within the special operations community.

1.3.3 Post-Vietnam and Modern Era

After the Vietnam War, the U.S. Navy focused on refining and expanding its special operations capabilities, culminating in the formal establishment of the U.S. Naval Special Warfare Command (NSWC) in 1987. This new command structure unified SEAL Teams, Special Warfare Combatant-Craft Crewmen or Special Boat Teams, and supporting units, facilitating enhanced collaboration with other military branches and improving the coordination of joint operations. During the 1980s and 1990s, SEALs were involved in several significant conflicts and missions that highlighted the strategic importance of special operations forces.

1.3.3.1 Key Operations

One of the notable operations was Operation Urgent Fury in Grenada in 1983, when SEALs were tasked with capturing key positions and rescuing hostages. The operation underscored the need for precise and rapid deployment capabilities. In 1989, during Operation Just Cause in Panama, SEALs played a crucial role in disabling General Manuel Noriega’s escape routes, demonstrating their effectiveness in direct-action missions.

The 1990s saw SEALs contributing to Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm, where they conducted reconnaissance and combat search and rescue missions. Their role in securing oil platforms and clearing mines in the Persian Gulf was critical to the success of coalition forces. SEALs also participated in humanitarian and peacekeeping missions, such as those in Somalia during Operation Restore Hope, and in Bosnia and Haiti, showcasing their versatility in diverse operational contexts.

1.3.3.2 Global War on Terror

The 11 September 2001 attacks marked a pivotal moment, leading to the Global War on Terror. SEALs were at the forefront of operations in Afghanistan, conducting raids, reconnaissance, and direct-action missions against Taliban and al-Qaeda targets. Their adaptability in Afghanistan’s mountainous terrain and urban environments in Iraq highlighted their operational flexibility. The high-profile raid on Osama bin Laden’s compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, in 2011, brought significant attention to SEAL Team Six and underscored their role in counterterrorism.

 [source] [source] [source] [source] [source] [source]

2 Structure of the U.S. Naval Special Warfare Command

2.1 Organisational Overview 

The U.S. Naval Special Warfare Command (NSWC), also known as “WARCOM,” was established in 1987 in Coronado, California. It was created to manage the rapidly expanding Naval Special Warfare (NSW) forces, which are a crucial component of the U.S. Special Operations Command (USSOCOM). USSOCOM is a joint force that includes Army, Navy, and Air Force Special Operations Forces (SOF). The NSWC provides vision, leadership, doctrinal guidance, resources, and oversight for all NSW forces, ensuring a continuous overseas presence.

2.2 Command and Mission

The U.S. Naval Special Warfare Command is commanded by a two-star Navy SEAL Rear Admiral. Its mission is to train, equip, and deploy SEALs, SWCC (Special Warfare Combatant-Craft Crewmen), and SEAL Delivery Vehicle (SDV) personnel to conduct maritime special operations overseas. The command oversees more than 10,000 people, including about 9,000 SEALs, SWCCs, and other military personnel, as well as approximately 1,200 civilian support staff. NSWC is responsible for managing the total NSW budget, policies, doctrine, war plans, training curriculum, and equipment. However, the day-to-day operations, training, deployments, and combat operations are executed by its subordinate commands.

In addition to these responsibilities, NSWC spearheads the development of NSW’s unique high-performance maritime craft, submersible vehicles, desert patrol vehicles, specialised equipment, and weapons. The low-profile, high-speed maritime craft are manned by SWCC personnel, a critical NSW Warfare Specialty. Their purpose is to clandestinely deliver SEALs on-target in dangerous, denied areas and safely exfiltrate them once mission objectives are accomplished.

2.3 NSWC: Structure

2.3.1 Navy SEALs

The Navy Sea, Air, and Land (SEAL) teams are an integral component of the U.S. Naval Special Warfare (NSW) Command, representing less than one percent of U.S. Navy personnel. They are renowned for their ability to conduct small-unit maritime military operations in environments ranging from rivers and oceans to swamps and coastlines. This capability is increasingly critical, given that a significant portion of the world’s infrastructure and population is situated near water bodies.

The inception of the SEAL teams can be traced back to the early 1960s, following President John F. Kennedy’s call for the development of unconventional warfare capabilities. In response, the U.S. Navy established SEAL Team One and SEAL Team Two in January 1962, drawing personnel from the Underwater Demolition Teams (UDTs). The primary mission of these teams was to conduct counter-guerrilla warfare and clandestine operations in maritime and riverine environments.

SEALs are recognised as a highly skilled maritime force, known for their reliability and discipline. The rigorous selection and training process for becoming a SEAL is considered one of the most demanding in the military. Prospective SEALs undergo Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL (BUD/S) training at the Naval Special Warfare Center in Coronado, California. This six-month course emphasises physical conditioning, small boat handling, diving techniques, land warfare, weapons, demolitions, communications, and reconnaissance.

2.3.1.1 SEAL Delivery Vehicle Teams

SEAL Delivery Vehicle Teams (SDVTs) have their historical roots in World War II with the use of human torpedoes like the Maiale and Chariots by Italian and British commando frogmen. The U.S. Naval Special Warfare Command entered the wet submersible field in the 1960s with the development of the Mark 7 by the Coastal Systems Center in Panama City, Florida. This free-flooding SEAL Delivery Vehicle (SDV) was the first of its kind used in the fleet, followed by the Mark 8 and 9 in the late 1970s.

Today’s Mark 8 Mod 1 SDV offers a unique combination of clandestine underwater mobility and combat swimmer capabilities. Although the Advanced SEAL Delivery System (ASDS) program, which aimed to provide a new dry submersible for long-range infiltration missions, was abandoned in 2009, USSOCOM has since acquired a new dry SEAL Delivery Vehicle called the Dry Combat Submersible, which became operational in the 2018-2019 timeframe.

2.3.2 Special Warfare Combatant-craft Crewmen (SWCC)

Special Warfare Combatant-craft Crewmen (SWCC) are specialised operators within the Naval Special Warfare Command. Their mission is to expertly operate high-speed, low-profile surface combatant craft to clandestinely infiltrate and exfiltrate Navy SEALs during special operations missions. These missions span direct action on land and sea, special reconnaissance, coastal patrol, counter-terrorism operations, riverine warfare, and more.

SWCC operators are trained to provide large-caliber gunfire support and are skilled in craft and weapons tactics, techniques, and procedures. The SWCC program, while distinct from SEAL training, shares a focus on maritime special operations. SWCC candidates undergo extensive training to ensure they possess the physical fitness, motivation, and combat focus necessary for high-stress situations.

2.3.2.1 Special Boat Teams

Special Boat Teams (SBTs) are the organisational units within the NSW Command that consist of SWCC personnel. These teams deploy SWCC crews and their boats to support naval special operations missions worldwide. The origins of today’s Special Boat Teams can be traced back to the PT boats of World War II and the “Brown Water” naval force of the Vietnam War, which led to the formation of the River Patrol Force (Task Force 116).

SBTs are commanded by a Navy Commander (O-5) and are strategically located to cover different geographic areas and operational environments. They are tasked with employing, operating, and maintaining specialised, high-performance surface combatant craft. These teams perform a variety of missions, including clandestine infiltration and exfiltration of SEALs, providing gunfire support, and conducting search and rescue operations.

2.3.3 Naval Special Warfare Center 

The Phil Bucklew Naval Special Warfare Center, known as “The Center,” is a key component of the United States Naval Special Warfare Command, located at the Naval Amphibious Base Coronado, California. It is responsible for much of the Naval Special Warfare (NSW) training, including the renowned 12-month SEAL training (BUD/S and SQT) and the 9-month SWCC training. Established on 06 December 2006, the Naval Special Warfare Advanced Training Command  is part of the Center and is situated at Imperial Beach, California. This command plays a critical role in the NSW Global Transformation by managing and conducting specialised Courses of Instruction (COI) for Overseas Contingency Operations. With a manpower exceeding 200, it supports over 30 advanced training courses and operates seven detachments and 15 training sites nationwide, including locations in Alaska and Hawaii. [source]

2.3.4 Naval Special Warfare Development Group 

The Naval Special Warfare Development Group (NSWDG), commonly known as DEVGRU or SEAL Team Six, is a premier unit within the United States Navy. It operates under the Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC). Often referred to as Task Force Blue within JSOC, DEVGRU is tasked with executing the most complex and classified missions. These can be counterterrorism, hostage rescue, special reconnaissance, and direct action against high-value targets. The unit’s operations are highly classified, with details rarely disclosed by the Department of Defense or the White House.

DEVGRU consists of colour-coded line squadrons, each with specific roles. Red, Blue, Gold, and Silver Squadrons focus on assault missions, while Black Squadron specialises in intelligence, reconnaissance, and surveillance. Grey Squadron handles mobility and transportation, and Green Team is responsible for selection and training. Each squadron is divided into troops, led by senior officers and supported by enlisted SEALs, including cryptologists, communicators, EOD technicians, and dog handlers. The squadrons are also supported by personnel from the Air Force’s 24th Special Tactics Squadron. As of the 2014 fiscal year, DEVGRU included 1,787 authorised positions, including 1,342 military and 445 civilian roles. [source]

2.4 NSWC Groups

NSWC has five operational Groups or “Echelon III Major Commands” under its control. Each Group is commanded by a Navy Captain (O-6) and is responsible for overseeing and supporting the training, equipping, deployment, and operational use of its subordinate commands. The departments within each Group include Intelligence, Operations/Plans, Communications, Personnel, and Research/Development/Testing and Engineering.

2.4.1 Group 1 – NSWG-1

Headquarters: Coronado, California.

Components:

• SEAL Team 1 (Western Pacific)
• SEAL Team 3 (Middle East)
• SEAL Team 5 (Korea)
• SEAL Team 7 (Western Pacific)
• Training Detachment 1
• Logistics Support Unit 1
• Tactical Communications Command 1

2.4.2 Group 2 – NSWG-2

Headquarters: Little Creek, Virginia.

Components:

• SEAL Team 2 (Northern Europe)
• SEAL Team 4 (South & Central America)
• SEAL Team 8 (Mediterranean/Southern Europe)
• SEAL Team 10 (Mediterranean/Southern Europe)
• Training Detachment 2
• Logistics Support Unit 2
• Tactical Communications Command 2

2.4.3 Group 4 – NSWG-4.

Headquarters: Little Creek, Virginia.

Components:

• Special Boat Team 12 (Coronado, CA) – Pacific & Middle East
• Special Boat Team 20 (Little Creek, VA) – Europe, Mediterranean, & Middle East
• Special Boat Team 22 (Stennis, MS) – Worldwide
• Naval Small Craft Instruction and Technical Training School (NAVSCIATTS) (Stennis, MS)

NSWG-4 oversees the SWCC forces and their specialised surface craft, focusing on high-speed maritime operations and training. NAVSCIATTS provides technical training and instruction to U.S. and allied forces.

2.4.4 Group 8 – NSWG-8

Headquarters: Little Creek, Virginia.

Components:

• SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team 1 (SDVT-1) (Pearl City, HI) – Pacific
• SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team 2 (SDVT-2) (Little Creek, VA) – Atlantic & Mediterranean
• Special Reconnaissance Team 1 (SRT-1) (Coronado, CA)
• Special Reconnaissance Team 2 (SRT-2) (Coronado, CA)
• Training Detachment 8 (Pearl City, HI)
• Logistics Support Unit 8 (Pearl City, HI)
• Mission Support Center (Coronado, CA)

NSWG-8 specialises in advanced reconnaissance and SEAL delivery vehicle operations, with a focus on both underwater and covert surveillance capabilities.

2.4.5 Group 11 – NSWG-11

Headquarters: Coronado, California.

Components:

• SEAL Team 17 (Coronado, CA)
• SEAL Team 18 (Little Creek, VA)

NSWG-11 is composed of Navy Reserve SEALs and SWCCs, providing operational support and augmenting active-duty forces during deployments and contingency operations.

Each group within NSWC is strategically positioned to support global operations, ensuring the readiness and deployment of SEALs and SWCCs across diverse environments. These groups operate synergistically with the Naval Special Warfare Center and Development Group to maintain the highest standards of training, innovation, and mission success.

2.5 NSWC: Training and Recruitment

2.5.1 Navy SEALs Recruitment.

To become a Navy SEAL, candidates must join the Navy and pursue one of three paths: 

• enlist as a civilian
• transfer while serving in the Navy
• transfer from another military branch

Around 1,000 Sailors are selected annually for SEAL training. Competitive athletes, quick learners, and those with two- or four-year degrees have higher success rates at BUD/S. Applicants must pass the SEAL Physical Screening Test (PST), Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB), and the C-SORT Psychological Battery Test, with higher scores increasing the likelihood of success. Active-duty Sailors can request transfers to attend Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL (BUD/S) training. (source)

2.5.2 Navy SEALs Training

2.5.2.1 Naval Special Warfare Preparatory School (5 weeks)

Training begins at the Naval Special Warfare Preparatory School in San Diego, CA, where candidates are prepared for the physical demands of SEAL training. It starts with the initial Physical Screening Test (PST) and ends with the more rigorous Modified PST. Candidates must complete 70 push-ups in 2 minutes, a 4-mile run in 31 minutes, and a 1,000-meter swim with fins in 20 minutes. The goal is to improve physical readiness and prepare candidates for Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL (BUD/S) training. Those who fail the final Modified PST are removed from the SEAL pipeline and reclassified into other Navy roles.

2.5.2.2 Pre-BUD/S Orientation (2 weeks)

Previously known as “Indoctrination,” this two-week course introduces candidates to the Naval Special Warfare Center and the BUD/S lifestyle. Candidates are familiarised with physical training routines, the obstacle course, swimming techniques, and other aspects of SEAL training.

2.5.2.3 Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL (BUD/S) Training (24 weeks)

BUD/S is a gruelling 24-week program designed to develop candidates’ physical and mental toughness, leadership, and teamwork. It is divided into three phases:

1. Physical Conditioning (7 weeks): focuses on fitness, water competency, and teamwork. Daily running, swimming, and calisthenics grow progressively harder, with candidates working in “boat crews” for team exercises. The fourth week, Hell Week, is the toughest, with five and a half days of near-continuous training, over 200 miles of running, minimal sleep, and 20+ hours of daily physical activity.
2. Combat Diving (7 weeks): trains candidates in underwater combat swimming and SCUBA techniques, including open- and closed-circuit systems. Emphasis is placed on long-distance underwater swims and water-based performance, with candidates completing a 2-mile swim in 80 minutes and a 4-mile run in 31 minutes.
3. Land Warfare (7 weeks): teaches navigation, demolitions, marksmanship, and tactics, culminating in five weeks of live-fire exercises on San Clemente Island. By the end, candidates complete a 14-mile run, a 2-mile swim, and a 4-mile run under strict time limits.

2.5.2.4 Parachute Jump School (3 weeks)

After completing BUD/S, candidates attend Tactical Air Operations in San Diego, CA, for parachute training. This course includes static line jumps, accelerated free-fall training, and combat equipment jumps. Candidates progress to night jumps with combat gear from altitudes of 9,500 feet. The course is designed to produce safe and competent free-fall jumpers.

2.5.2.5 SEAL Qualification Training (SQT) (26 weeks)

SQT is a 26-week program that transitions candidates from basic skills to advanced tactical training. It covers weapons handling, close-quarters combat, demolitions, land navigation, unarmed combat, cold-weather survival (conducted in Kodiak, Alaska), and maritime operations. Candidates also complete Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape (SERE) training.

Graduation from SQT signifies full qualification as a Navy SEAL, with candidates earning the SEAL Trident and the Navy Enlisted Classification (NEC) 5326 Combatant Swimmer (SEAL) or 1130 Special Warfare (SEAL) Officer. Graduates are assigned to SEAL Teams in Coronado, CA, or Little Creek, VA, where they begin advanced training for their first deployment.

2.5.2.6 SEAL Troop (TRP) Training

After SQT, new SEALs join a SEAL Team and are assigned to a Troop (TRP) and Platoon (PLT). They then enter a 12- to 18-month pre-deployment workup cycle, which is divided into three phases:

1. Individual Specialty Training (6 months): Operators attend specialised schools to acquire skills such as sniper training, breaching, advanced driving, combat medicine, language proficiency, and advanced air operations. These qualifications prepare the platoon to function as an operational combat team.
2. Unit Level Training (6 months): focuses on core mission skills, including small-unit tactics, urban warfare, combat swimming, maritime interdiction, reconnaissance, and land warfare. Training is conducted by the SEAL group’s training detachment (NSWG1/NSWG2).
3. Task Group Level Training (6 months): integrates SEAL Teams with supporting units like Special Boat Teams (SWCC), EOD, medical teams, and intelligence units. The phase ends with a Certification Exercise (CERTEX), where the SEAL Squadron is evaluated and certified for deployment.

2.5.2.7 Brutality in Navy SEALs course

Navy SEALs training is relentless and punishing, often pushing candidates beyond the brink of exhaustion and suffering. With brutal physical demands like running hundreds of miles, swimming long distances in freezing waters, and enduring “Hell Week” on less than four hours of sleep over five days, the program is notorious for breaking bodies and minds.

EMBED VIDEO: The Brutal Reality Of Navy SEAL Training – MrBallen

 (source)

2.5.3 SWCC Recruitment

To become a Special Warfare Combatant-Craft Crewman (SWCC), candidates must follow a structured seven-step process known as the “SWCC Challenge.” The first step is contacting a Navy recruiter and expressing interest in the program while understanding its requirements. Candidates must pass a basic medical exam and the ASVAB aptitude test at a Military Entry Processing Station. A SWCC Mentor, often a former SEAL, SWCC, Diver, or EOD, evaluates suitability for the program.

Once accepted, candidates sign a contract to join the Navy’s Delayed Entry Program. During this time, the Mentor helps prepare candidates physically and mentally for Navy Recruit Training Command (Boot Camp). Candidates must pass the SWCC Physical Screening Test (PST) twice before Boot Camp and three times during Boot Camp, meeting strict standards in swimming, pushups, sit-ups, pull-ups, and running. Failure to pass the final PST results in removal from the program and reassignment to another Navy career field. (source)

2.5.4 SWCC Training

To become a Special Warfare Combatant-Craft Crewman (SWCC), candidates undergo rigorous training through a structured pipeline designed to test and develop their physical, mental, and tactical capabilities. The process includes multiple phases, each progressively more challenging, culminating in assignment to a Special Boat Team.

2.5.4.1 Pipeline Overview

SWCC candidates must meet strict qualifications, including age, citizenship, vision, and ASVAB scores, before entering the training pipeline. 

Initial training consists of:

1. 8 weeks at Naval Special Warfare Preparatory School (NSW Prep) in Great Lakes, Illinois.
2. 3 weeks of BUD/S Orientation in Coronado, California.
3. 7 weeks of Basic Crewman Selection (BCS).
4. 7 weeks of Basic Crewman Training (BCT).
5. 21 weeks of Crewman Qualification Training (CQT).

2.5.4.2 Naval Special Warfare Preparatory School (NSW Prep)

NSW Prep, also called BUD/S Prep, prepares candidates physically and mentally for the demands of Basic Crewman Selection (BCS). Training includes obstacle courses, sand runs, open-water swimming, drown-proofing, and basic navigation. Many candidates quit during this phase due to its intensity.

2.5.4.3 Basic Crewman Selection (BCS)

BCS focuses on physical conditioning, water competency, teamwork, and mental resilience. The seven-week course includes swimming, running, calisthenics, and small-boat seamanship. Candidates face “The Tour,” a grueling four-day test with minimal sleep, constant exposure to the elements, and challenging water and boat exercises. Only those who demonstrate exceptional endurance and teamwork progress to Basic Crewman Training (BCT).

2.5.4.4 Basic Crewman Training (BCT)

At BCT, candidates refine their seamanship skills and learn advanced navigation, boat handling, and maritime operations. Physical training intensifies, preparing candidates for the next phase of their pipeline.

2.5.4.5 Crewman Qualification Training (CQT)

CQT develops candidates’ tactical and operational skills. The Basic Phase covers weapons handling, first aid, engineering, and towing procedures, while the Advanced Phase includes Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC), navigation, mission planning, and live-fire exercises. Candidates participate in planning and executing simulated missions, mastering maritime navigation, waterborne patrolling, and close-quarters combat. Upon completion, graduates earn their SWCC pins and join a Special Boat Team.

2.5.4.6 Further Training

After CQT, SWCCs attend specialised schools, including language courses, tactical boat training, and survival programs (e.g., desert, jungle, or cold-water survival). They may also train in advanced skills such as fast-roping, air assault, combat medicine, and advanced navigation.

2.5.4.7 Aerial Deployment Training

SWCC personnel are trained in the Maritime Craft Aerial Deployment System (MCADS), which involves parachuting boats and operators from aircraft like the C-130 or C-17. They also use the Maritime External Air Transportation System (MEATS) to sling boats under CH-47 helicopters for rapid insertion and extraction.

2.5.4.8 Risks Involved in SWCC Operations

Navy Special Boat Teams face significant risks of chronic brain trauma due to the physical impacts experienced during missions. Including sudden forces of up to 64 Gs. These impacts have been linked to neurological issues such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (C.T.E.). Symptoms include cognitive decline, depression, impulsivity, and violent behaviour. Many boat crew members report persistent concussion symptoms, often lasting years, with some experiencing suicidal thoughts.

[source, source, source]

3 NSWC: Equipment and Technology

3.1. Navy SEAL and SWCC Weapons 

Common weapons carried by the US Navy SEALs include:

Carbines / Assault Rifles:

• M4A1: 5.56mm x 45mm carbine.
• MK 13 CQBR: 5.56mm x 45mm carbine.
• MK 16 SCAR-L: 5.56mm x 45mm carbine/rifle.
• MK 17 SCAR-H: 7.62mm x 51mm carbine/rifle.
• M14 EBR: 7.62mm x 51mm assault rifle.
• FN SCAR STD: Assault rifle chambered in 7.62mm x 51mm NATO with a standard 16″ barrel.
• FN SCAR CQC: A close-quarters version of the SCAR chambered in 7.62mm x 51mm NATO with a 13″ barrel.

Machine Guns:

• MK 46 Mod 0 / MK 48 Mod 0: 5.56mm x 45mm / 7.62mm x 51mm variants of the M249 SAW.
• M240: 7.62mm x 51mm belt-fed machine gun, typically mounted on vehicles or tripods but may also be carried.
• M2: .50 caliber heavy machine gun, often mounted on vehicles.
• GAU-17 Minigun: A 7.62mm x 51mm Minigun
• Browning M2 (.50 cal Machine Gun): Air-cooled, belt-fed machine gun firing .50 BMG rounds.
• M60 Machine Gun: Gas-operated, air-cooled, belt-fed automatic machine gun chambered in 7.62mm.

Handguns:

• Sig Sauer P226R: 9mm pistol.
• HK45CT: .45 ACP pistol.
• HK MK23
• Smith & Wesson 686 (.357 Revolver): A 7-shot revolver
• SIG Sauer P226: A 9mm pistol renowned for its ergonomics, balance, and accuracy.

Sniper Rifles:

• MK 12 Mod 1: 5.56mm x 45mm sniper rifle.
• MK 11: 7.62mm x 51mm medium sniper rifle.
• M91A2: .300 WinMag bolt-action rifle based on the Remington 700 long action.
• MK 13: A newer Remington 700 variant firing .300 WinMag.
• TAC-338: McMillan USA rifle chambered in .338 Lapua Magnum.
• MK 15: Long-range bolt-action sniper rifle chambered in .50 BMG.
• M82: .50 caliber extreme long-range anti-material rifle.

Missile / Rocket Launchers:

• M136 AT4: Anti-tank rocket launcher.
• Javelin Missile: Advanced guided missile system.

Grenade Launchers

• MK19 Automatic Grenade Launcher: Fires high-explosive dual-purpose M430 grenades.

[source, source]

3.2 Vehicles and Diving Systems

Underwater Vehicles

• SEAL Delivery Vehicle (SDV): Submersible vehicle for covert underwater transport of SEALs and gear. Operates fully submerged using underwater breathing systems, capable of insertion, mission support, and extraction.

Surface Watercraft

• MK V Special Operations Craft (SOC): Versatile, high-performance craft for medium-range ocean transport, coastal patrol, and maritime interdiction. Operates in low-to-medium threat environments.
• NSW Rigid-hull Inflatable Boat (RHIB): 36-foot, high-speed, extreme-weather craft for transporting SEAL squads to/from ships and beaches.
• Special Operations Craft-Riverine (SOC-R): Riverine craft for short-range insertion/extraction, carrying up to 20,500 pounds at 40 knots. Air and helicopter transportable.
• Combat Rubber Raiding Craft (CRRC): 15-foot inflatable boat (commonly called a Zodiac) for over-the-horizon transport and covert beach/river operations.

Diving Systems

• Open-circuit System: Standard SCUBA system releasing exhaled air into the water.
• Closed-circuit Oxygen System: Recirculates exhaled oxygen for stealth in shallow water. Limited by cold water conditions.
• Closed-circuit Mixed Gas System: Mixes oxygen and air to allow deeper, longer dives with controlled oxygen levels.

 [source, source]

4 NSWC: Operations and Engagements

The Navy SEALs have played a critical role in numerous high-profile operations, particularly during the Global War on Terror. Their expertise in direct action, counterterrorism, and special reconnaissance missions has made them instrumental in combating threats worldwide. From the mountains of Afghanistan to the urban battlefields of Iraq, SEALs have conducted some of the most daring and impactful missions in U.S. military history. However, their operations have not been without controversy, with debates surrounding the legality of certain actions, civilian casualties, and the psychological toll on operators. 

4.1 Operation Enduring Freedom

In response to the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) began on 07 October 2001 with U.S. and British airstrikes targeting Taliban and al-Qaeda forces in Afghanistan. Navy SEALs were among the first boots on the ground, conducting reconnaissance missions and direct action raids to dismantle terrorist networks. SEAL Team 3, along with other special operations units, played a crucial role in securing Camp Rhino, the first U.S. forward operating base in Afghanistan.

During OEF, SEALs carried out over 75 missions, including Leadership Interdiction Operations to capture or kill high-value targets (HVTs). They destroyed over 500,000 pounds of enemy explosives and weapons, significantly disrupting Taliban and al-Qaeda operations. SEALs also operated as part of Task Force K-Bar, a coalition of international special forces tasked with reconnaissance and raids in southern Afghanistan.

Notable missions included the Battle of Qala-i-Jangi, where SEALs supported the Northern Alliance against a Taliban uprising, and the Zhawar Kili cave complex raid, which yielded valuable intelligence. Despite these successes, SEALs faced challenges such as rough terrain, a resilient insurgency, and the loss of operators during missions like Operation Anaconda. 

OEF officially ended in 2014, but SEALs continued to conduct counterterrorism operations in Afghanistan until the U.S. withdrawal in 2021.

Three SEALs received the Medal of Honour for their heroism during OEF: Lieutenant Michael P. Murphy, Senior Chief Edward Byers Jr., and Master Chief Britt Slabinski. [source]

4.2 Operation Neptune Spear

The mission began with two modified Black Hawk helicopters flying the SEALs from Afghanistan to the compound. One helicopter crash-landed due to a vortex condition but did not compromise the mission. The SEALs breached the compound, clearing rooms and eliminating resistance. On the third floor, they located and killed bin Laden, later confirming his identity through DNA testing. The team also gathered valuable intelligence, including hard drives and documents, before exfiltrating.

Operation Neptune Spear was a tactical and strategic success, dealing a significant blow to al-Qaeda. The mission showcased the SEALs’ capabilities in precision, planning, and execution. However, it also strained U.S.-Pakistan relations, as the raid was conducted without Pakistan’s knowledge. The operation remains one of the most celebrated and scrutinised missions in U.S. special operations history. [source]

4.3 Operation Red Wings

On 28 June 2005, four Navy SEALs launched Operation Red Wings, a reconnaissance mission in Kunar Province, Afghanistan, to locate Taliban leader Ahmad Shah. The team—Lieutenant Michael P. Murphy, Petty Officer Danny Dietz, Petty Officer Matthew Axelson, and Petty Officer Marcus Luttrell—was compromised when local goat herders stumbled upon their position. Despite releasing the herders, the SEALs were soon surrounded by over 50 Taliban fighters.

A fierce firefight ensued, with the SEALs outnumbered and outgunned. Lieutenant Murphy exposed himself to enemy fire to call for reinforcements, a heroic act for which he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honour. Three SEALs were killed, and a Quick Reaction Force helicopter sent to rescue them was shot down, killing all 16 personnel aboard. Luttrell, the sole survivor, evaded capture with the help of local villagers and was rescued days later.

Operation Red Wings highlighted the SEALs’ bravery and resilience but also underscored the risks of operating in hostile territory with limited support. The mission remains one of the most harrowing and tragic chapters in SEAL history, with enduring lessons about mission planning and execution. [source]

4.4 Operation Iraqi Freedom

During Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), Navy SEALs played a vital role in securing key objectives and conducting counterinsurgency operations. SEAL Teams 8 and 10 were instrumental in capturing Iraq’s southern oil infrastructure, including the Al-Faw Peninsula and offshore oil terminals, preventing environmental and economic disasters. They also secured waterways like the Khawr Abd Allah, enabling humanitarian aid to reach critical areas.

SEALs conducted numerous direct action missions, including the capture of high-value targets and raids on suspected chemical and biological weapons sites. One notable mission involved securing the Mukatayin Dam to prevent its destruction, which could have caused massive flooding and loss of life. Additionally, they supported the Marines during the Battle of Fallujah, providing sniper overwatch and conducting reconnaissance.

Post-invasion, SEALs focused on training Iraqi forces and counterterrorism operations. In 2006, Petty Officer Michael A. Monsoor sacrificed himself by jumping on a grenade to save his teammates during a firefight in Ramadi, earning the Medal of Honour.

OIF demonstrated the SEALs’ adaptability, from maritime operations to urban combat. Their contributions were critical to the coalition’s success in Iraq, despite the challenges of insurgency and the complexities of rebuilding a nation. [source]

4.5 NSWC: Controversies and Ethical Challenges

The Navy SEALs, revered for their elite capabilities and operational successes, have faced significant controversies and ethical challenges over the years. These issues have ranged from leadership and accountability failures to cultural problems and high-profile scandals. While the SEALs remain a cornerstone of U.S. special operations, these incidents have raised questions about the sustainability of their operational culture and the need for reform. This section explores the key challenges faced by the SEALs and the efforts being made to address them.

4.5.1 Leadership and Accountability Issues

One of the most persistent challenges within the SEAL community has been a lack of consistent leadership and accountability. The rapid expansion of the SEAL force since 9/11, growing from approximately 1,000 operators during the Cold War to over 4,000 today, has diluted the quality of leadership. Officers often rotate through SEAL assignments quickly, leaving much of the informal leadership to senior enlisted personnel. While these enlisted leaders bring extensive operational experience, the lack of officer oversight has sometimes resulted in lapses in discipline and ethical behaviour.

A notable example of leadership failure occurred during the Eddie Gallagher case, where SEAL Team members accused their chief of committing war crimes. The case revealed a breakdown in the chain of command, with subordinates reporting that higher-ups ignored their concerns. Similarly, reports of drug abuse, misconduct, and unauthorised actions have highlighted gaps in leadership accountability. Former USSOCOM commander Admiral William McRaven himself experienced resistance to enforcing standards early in his SEAL career, illustrating how deeply ingrained some of these issues are.

The high operational tempo of the SEALs, while often cited as a contributing factor, does not fully explain these lapses. SEAL deployments are typically shorter than those of conventional forces, with Tier 1 units deploying for three months and other SEAL teams for six months. Instead, the root causes appear to include a lack of officer authority, a culture of autonomy, and insufficient oversight mechanisms.

4.5.2 Cultural Challenges

The SEALs’ culture, often described as one of exceptionalism, has contributed to both their operational successes and their ethical challenges. The ethos of being the “Quiet Professionals” has been overshadowed in recent years by a “code of silence,” where misconduct is either ignored or covered up to protect the team’s reputation. This culture has led to ethical dilemmas, with operators sometimes prioritising loyalty to their teammates over accountability.

The intense selection process for SEALs, which emphasises physical and mental toughness, has also been criticised for de-emphasising character and ethical attributes. Reports suggest that candidates with questionable moral qualities have occasionally been allowed to pass through training. Particularly during periods of high operational demand. The focus on physical prowess over leadership and ethical qualities has contributed to a culture where misconduct can flourish.

This cultural problem extends to the perception of SEALs within the broader military. Their autonomy and lack of integration with conventional forces have created friction and distrust. Conventional commanders have often been unaware of SEAL operations in their areas of responsibility, leading to coordination failures and, at times, disastrous outcomes. The SEALs’ tendency to operate independently has further exacerbated these issues, contributing to a perception of arrogance within the wider military community.

4.5.3 High-Profile Scandals

Several high-profile scandals have tarnished the SEALs’ reputation in recent years, drawing public and military scrutiny. These include:

• War Crimes Allegations: The Eddie Gallagher case, where Gallagher was accused of killing a wounded ISIS fighter, highlighted significant ethical lapses within the SEAL community. Although Gallagher was acquitted of murder, the case exposed a culture of misconduct and a lack of accountability.
• Misconduct on Deployment: In 2019, SEAL Team 7 was sent home from Iraq after reports of heavy drinking and allegations of sexual assault. The incident revealed a breakdown in discipline and prompted a broader review of SEAL culture.
• Drug Use and Performance-Enhancing Drugs (PEDs): Investigations have uncovered widespread use of PEDs among SEAL candidates and operators. The death of Seaman Kyle Mullen during Hell Week in 2022 brought this issue to the forefront, as the investigation revealed systemic failures in medical care and oversight. Mullen’s death underscored the dangers of a culture that prioritises toughness over safety and ethical behaviour.
• Other Scandals: Allegations of child pornography, sexual assault, and even homicide have further damaged the SEALs’ reputation. The murder of Green Beret Staff Sgt. Logan Melgar in 2017 by two SEAL Team 6 operators in Mali is one of the most evident examples of misconduct.

These scandals have not only eroded public trust but also strained relationships within the military and with allied forces. The perception of the SEALs as undisciplined and ethically questionable has prompted calls for significant reform.

4.5.4 Efforts Toward Reform

Recognising the severity of these challenges, Naval Special Warfare Command has initiated several reform efforts aimed at addressing leadership, culture, and ethical issues. Key initiatives include:

• NSW Leader Assessment Program (NLAP): This program evaluates leadership potential, cognitive aptitude, communication skills, and personality attributes for officers and senior enlisted personnel. By emphasising character and ethical qualities, the program aims to ensure that only the most qualified individuals assume leadership roles.
• Ethics Reviews and Training: Following the Eddie Gallagher case and other scandals, USSOCOM and Naval Special Warfare Command conducted comprehensive reviews of ethics, discipline, and professionalism. These reviews identified gaps in leadership development and accountability, prompting changes to training and evaluation processes.
• Revised Selection and Training Standards: Efforts are underway to better integrate character assessments into the SEAL selection process. This includes more rigorous drug testing and education to prevent the use of PEDs, as well as improved medical oversight during training.
• Cultural Reforms: Naval Special Warfare Command has reintroduced stricter grooming and uniform standards, signalling a return to traditional Navy values. These measures aim at reinforcing discipline and professionalism within the SEAL community.
• International Comparisons: Lessons from other elite forces, such as Australia’s SAS, have informed some of these reforms. Following their own scandals, the Australian SAS implemented stricter oversight and accountability measures, which have been cited as potential models for the SEALs.

The Navy SEALs’ challenges with leadership, culture, and ethical behaviour reflect broader issues within the U.S. special operations community. While their operational successes are undeniable, these controversies have highlighted the need for reform. By addressing leadership gaps, fostering a culture of accountability, and emphasising ethical behaviour, the SEALs can restore their reputation as the “Quiet Professionals” and continue to serve as an indispensable element of U.S. national security.

 [source, source, source, source]

5 The Evolving Legacy of Naval Special Warfare

The U.S. Naval Special Warfare Command (NSWC) remains a cornerstone of U.S. national security, providing unparalleled capabilities through the Navy SEALs and Special Warfare Combatant-Craft Crewmen (SWCC). While their operational successes are undeniable, including high-profile missions such as the raid on Osama bin Laden’s compound, the SEALs have faced significant internal challenges in recent years. Issues related to leadership, culture, and ethical behaviour have not only strained their reputation but also highlighted broader concerns within the U.S. special operations community.

These challenges have underscored the urgent need for reform within the NSWC. Leadership gaps and a culture that at times prioritises operational results over accountability have led to ethical missteps and public scrutiny. In response, the NSWC has taken steps to address these issues by fostering a stronger culture of accountability. This has enhanced leadership development and placed greater emphasis on ethical behaviour. These reforms aim to restore the SEALs’ reputation as the “Quiet Professionals” and ensure their continued effectiveness in safeguarding U.S. interests.

Despite these challenges, the SEALs and SWCC remain indispensable to modern warfare, excelling in complex missions across maritime, coastal, and unconventional environments. By addressing internal weaknesses and reinforcing their core values, the NSWC is not only preserving its legacy but also ensuring its operators are prepared to meet the evolving demands of global security. These reforms will enable the command to maintain its position as a leader in special operations while upholding the integrity and professionalism that define its mission.